Gratch, Jonathan and Marsella, Stacy Evaluating the Modeling and Use of Emotion in Virtual Humans AAMAS '04: Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems IEEE Computer Society 2004 320–327 Washington, DC, USA Spurred by a range of potential applications, there has been a growing body of research in computational models of human emotion. To advance the development of these models, it is critical that we begin to evaluate them against the phenomena they purport to model. In this paper, we present one methodology to evaluate an emotion model. The methodology is based on comparing the behavior of the computational model against human behavior, using a standard clinical instrument for assessing human emotion and coping. We use this methodology to evaluate the EMA model of emotion [1, 2]. The model did quite well. And, as expected, the comparison helped identify where the model needs further development. 10.1109/AAMAS.2004.117 Sengers, Phoebe Do the thing right: an architecture for action-expression AGENTS '98: Proceedings of the second international conference on Autonomous agents ACM Press 1998 24–31 New York, NY, USA Extensive research in autonomous agents has studied actionselection, i,e. the problem of having an agent at any point in time choose actions that will best fulfill its goals. However, for many applications where a human interacts with the ngent, it is not enough for the agent to ?do the right thing;? it must also do it in the right way, i.e. so the user can understand what the agent is doing. Tom Porter terms this problem the ?action-expression? problem: what should the agent do at any point in order to best communicate its goals and activities to the user? Current agent architectures often have difficulty with action-expression because design of the agent is focused on internal problem-solving rather than external effect. Behaviorbased agents in particular tend to jump from behavior to behavior according to whatever best fulfills their internal needs, which can confuse a user trying to find a common thread in the agent?s activities. The system described here, the ,!hpreasivator, is based on a philosophy that what matters is not the internally-defined code as understood by the designer, but the impression the agent makes on the user. The Expressivator?s focus is on reducing the apparent randomness of agent behavior choice by adding transition be- IIauior8, special behaviors that function to explain to the user the agent?s motivations in changing from one activity to another. In addition, the Expressivator offers a signmana~ cmcnt suatem that keeps track of the visible signs the agent?s behavior has produced, allowing the agent to make decisions based not only on its internal idea of what it is doing, but also on the likely user perception of its behaviors. It bootstraps on the advantages of behavior-based systems, including reactivity, interruptability, and modularity, while allowing the agent-builder to design agents that explicitly communicate their goals and intentions to the user. 10.1145/280765.280770 Gratch, Jonathan Émile: Marshalling passions in training and education AGENTS '00: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Autonomous agents ACM Press 2000 325–332 New York, NY, USA Emotional reasoning can be an important contribution to automated tutoring and training systems. This paper describes Emile, a model of emotional reasoning that builds upon existing approaches and significantly generalizes and extends their capabilities. The main contribution is to show how an explicit planning model allows a more general treatment of several stages of the reasoning process. The model supports educational applications by allowing agents to appraise the emotional significance of events as they relate to students' (or their own) plans and goals, model and predict the emotional state of others, and alter behavior accordingly. 10.1145/336595.337516 Bazzan, Ana L. C. and Bordini, Rafael H. A framework for the simulation of agents with emotions AGENTS '01: Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Autonomous agents ACM Press 2001 292–299 New York, NY, USA The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) has been used as a paradigm for studying the emergence of cooperation among individual agents. Many computer experiments show that cooperation does arise under certain conditions. However, little attention has been paid to aspects of emotions in this context. The goal of this work is thus to develop a framework for modelling agents with emotions. It allows the design of such agents, which interact with neighbours or their social groups. This paper describes a scenario in which agents may have various types of emotions, and which uses the IPD as a metaphor for social interactions. We compare our results with standard ones achieved in the scenario of a two-dimensional array of either cooperators or defectors, without any kind of emotion involved. Our results show that the ratio of cooperators is slightly higher when agents make decisions using emotions. This might be explained by the fact that agents are not so short-sighted in that they always either cooperate or defect. Rather, their flexibility increases when they are able to use emotions to decide which course of action to take during the game. 10.1145/375735.376313 Oliveira, Eugénio and Sarmento, Luís Emotional advantage for adaptability and autonomy AAMAS '03: Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems ACM Press 2003 305–312 New York, NY, USA During the last two decades, researchers have collected a decisive amount of experimental evidence about the fundamental role of Emotion on cognitive processing. Emotional phenomena have been correlated with effective decision-making processes, memory, learning and other high-level cognitive capabilities and skills (e.g. risk assessment). In this paper we will describe an ongoing work that aims to design new Agent Architectures influenced by what has been learned in psychology and neurosciences about Emotion-cognition interaction. We will present an Agent architecture that includes several emotional-like mechanisms, namely: emotional evaluation functions, Emotion-biased processing, emotional tagging and mood congruent memory. These mechanisms are intended to increase the performance and adaptability of Agents operating in real-time environments. We will also introduce Pyrosim, a MAS platform we have developed to serve as an appropriate test-bed for Emotional-based Architectures, which simulates a forest fire in a complex 3D environment. 10.1145/860575.860625 Henninger, Amy E. and Jones, Randolph M. and Chown, Eric Behaviors that emerge from emotion and cognition: implementation and evaluation of a symbolic-connectionist architecture AAMAS '03: Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems ACM Press 2003 321–328 New York, NY, USA This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a framework for modeling emotions in complex, decision-making agents. Sponsored by U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI), the objective of this research is to make the decision-making process of complex agents less predictable and more realistic, by incorporating emotional factors that affect humans. In tune with modern theories of emotions, we regard emotions essentially as subconscious signals and evaluations that inform, modify, and receive feedback from a variety of sources including higher cognitive processes and the sensorimotor system. Thus, our work explicitly distinguishes the subconscious processes (in a connectionist implementation) and the decision making that is subject to emotional influences (in a symbolic cognitive architecture).It is our position that "emotional states" are emergent patterns of interaction between decision-making knowledge and these emotional signal systems. To this end, we have adopted an approach that promotes the emergence of behavior as a result of complex interactions between factors affecting emotions, integrated in the connectionist-style model, and factors affecting decision making, represented in the symbolic model.This paper presents the implementation of emotions architecture and explains how we evaluated the system. This includes a description of the behaviors we used in our prototype, the design of our experiments, a representative set of behavior patterns that emerged as a result of exercising our model over the design space, and our project's lessons learned. 10.1145/860575.860627 Gadanho, Sandra Clara Learning behavior-selection by emotions and cognition in a multi-goal robot task J. Mach. Learn. Res. MIT Press 2003 4 385–412 Cambridge, MA, USA interactions, amberlight - human computer HCI Briefings - Enjoyment and emotion in technology design 2005 WWW http://www.amber-light.co.uk/resources/primer_emotion.htm Anderson, J. R. and Reiser, B. J. The LISP Tutor Byte 1985 159-175 4 Anderson, Craig A. An update on the effects of playing violent video games Journal of Adolescence 2004 27 113-122 Andreassi, J.L. Psychophysiology: Human Behavior and Physiological Response Earlbaum 2000 4.Auflage Hillsdale, New Jersey Ark, Wendy S. and Dryer, D. Christopher and Lu, Davia J. The Emotion Mouse Proceedings of HCI International (the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction) on Human-Computer Interaction: Ergonomics and User Interfaces-Volume I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 1999 818–823 Mahwah, NJ, USA http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=742503 Arnold, M. B. Emotion and personality Columbia Press 1960 1 New York, NY Axelrod, Lesley The affective connection: how and when users communicate emotion CHI '04: CHI '04 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems ACM Press 2004 1033–1034 New York, NY, USA 10.1145/985921.985965 Axelrod, Lesley and Hone, Kate E-motional advantage: performance and satisfaction gains with affective computing CHI '05: CHI '05 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems ACM Press 2005 1192–1195 New York, NY, USA Emotions are now recognized as complex human control systems, crucial to decision making, creativity, playing and learning. Affective technologies may offer improved interaction and commercial promise. In the past, research has focused on technical development work, leaving many questions about user preferences unanswered. For this user-centered study, 60 participants played a simple 'word ladder' game under different controlled conditions. Using 2 x 2 factorial design, and a Wizard of Oz scenario, half the participants interacted with a system that adapted on the basis of the user's emotional expression and half were told the system could react to their emotional expressions. We established that when using an apparently affective system, users perform significantly better and report themselves as feeling significantly happier. We also discuss behavioral responses to the different conditions. These results are relevant to the design of future affective systems. 10.1145/1056808.1056874 Baillie, Penny An Agent with a Passion for Decision Making Proceedings of Agents in Simulation 2002, Passau, Germany 2002 S. 7-12 Baillie, Penny and Lukose, Dickson An Affective Decision Making Agent Architecture using Emotion Appraisals 2002 http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/staff/bailliep Ball, G. and Breese, J. Cassell, Justine and Sullivan, J. and Prevost, S. and Churchill, E. Emotions and personality in a conversational character Embodien Conversational Agents MIT Press 2000 189-219 Cambridge MA, USA Bannister, D. and Fransella, F. Inquiring Man Routledge 1986 3.Auflage London Barker, R.G. Ecological psychology. Concepts and methods for studying the environment of human behavior University of California Press 1968 Stanford, CA, USA Bartlett, M.S. and Hager, J.C. and Ekman, P. and Sejnowski, J.J. Measuring facial expression by computer image analysis Psychophysiology 1999 36 253-263 Bates, Jack The Role of Emotion in Believable Agents Communications of the ACM 1997 37 122–125 7 Artificial intelligence researchers attempting to create engaging, apparently living creatures may find important insight in the work of artists who have explored the idea of believable character. In particular, appropriately timed and clearly expressed emotion is a central requirement for believable characters. We discuss these ideas and suggest how they may apply to believable interactive characters, which we call "believable agents." http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/bates94role.html http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/oz/web/papers/ba-and-emotion.ps http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/oz/web/papers/ba-and-emotion.ps Cassell, J. and Vilhjálmsson, H. BEAT: The Behavioural Expression Animation Toolkit SIGGRAPH '01, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2001 Beikirch, Helmut and Peter, Christian and Ebert, Eric Funkgestützte robuste Erfassung physiologischer Signale mit mobiler Sensorik Tagungsdokumentation Wireless Technologies Kongress - aktuelles und praxisnahes Wissen kompakt Tagungsdokumentation Wireless Technologies Kongress - aktuelles und praxisnahes Wissen kompakt Mesago Messe Frankfurt 2005 10 Stuttgart https://ini.igd.fraunhofer.de/bibcd/INI_Science/papers/2005/05p158.pdf Benyon, D. and Kühme, T. and Malinowsi, U. and Sukaviriya, P. Computer-aided Adaption of User Interfaces SIGCHI Bulletin 1994 January Workshop Report Beskow, Jonas Rule-based Visual Speech Synthesis Proceedings of Eurospeech '95 1995 1 299-302 Madrid, Spain Bickmore, Timothy W. and Picard, Rosalind W. Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships ACM Transactions Computer-Human Interaction ACM Press 2005 12 293–327 2 New York, NY, USA This research investigates the meaning of human-computer relationship and presents techniques for constructing, maintaining, and evaluating such relationships, based on research in social psychology, sociolinguistics, communication and other social sciences. Contexts in which relationships are particularly important are described, together with specific benefits (like trust) and task outcomes (like improved learning) known to be associated with relationship quality. We especially consider the problem of designing for long-term interaction, and define relational agents as computational artifacts designed to establish and maintain long-term social-emotional relationships with their users. We construct the first such agent, and evaluate it in a controlled experiment with 101 users who were asked to interact daily with an exercise adoption system for a month. Compared to an equivalent task-oriented agent without any deliberate social-emotional or relationship-building skills, the relational agent was respected more, liked more, and trusted more, even after four weeks of interaction. Additionally, users expressed a significantly greater desire to continue working with the relational agent after the termination of the study. We conclude by discussing future directions for this research together with ethical and other ramifications of this work for HCI designers. 10.1145/1067860.1067867 Black, Uyless OSI: A Model for Computer Communications Standards Prentice Hall 1991 Facsimile Edition Bless, Roland Sichere Netzwerkkommunikation - Grundlagen, Protokolle und Architekturen Springer 2005 X.systems.press Berlin ISBN 3-540-21845-9 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-Modell Blythe, M. and Hassenzahl, M. Blythe, M. and Overbeeke, C. and Monk, A. F. and Wright, P. C. The semantics of fun: Differntiating enjoyable experiences Funology: From Usability to Enjoyment Kluwer 2003 S. 31-42 Dordrecht Murphy, Kevin Software Packages for Graphical Models / Bayesian Networks 2005 November WWW http://www.ai.mit.edu/%7emurphyk/Bayes/bnsoft.html Borchert, Martin Untersuchungen zur Erkennung von Emotionen in der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion auf Basis gesprochener Sprache 2005 Fachhochschule Wismar Diplomarbeit Boucsein, Wolfram G. Debus, G. Erdmann And K.W. Kallus Die elektrodermale Aktivität als Emotionsindikator Biopsycchologie von Streß und emotionalen Reaktionen - Ansätze interdisziplinärer Forschung Hogrefe 1995 143–161 Göttingen Bradley, M.M. and Lang, P.J. International affective digitized sounds (IADS): technical manual and affective ratings Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida, Gainesville 1991 Gainsville, FL: The Center for Research in PsychophysiologY University of Florida Brosnan, Mark J. Technophobia - The Psychological Impact of Information Technology Routledge 1998 Brustoloni, Jose C. Autonomous Agents : Characterization and Requirements 1991 Carnegie Mellon Technical Report CMU-CS-91-204 Carnegie Mellon University Burleson, Win Affective Learning Companions 2004 30. August Doctorial Consortium in conjunction with the 7th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems Maceio - Alagoas, Brasil http://affect.media.mit.edu/publications.php http://affect.media.mit.edu/pdfs/04.burleson.pdf Burleson, W. and Picard, R.W. and Perlin, K. and Lippincott, J. A Platform for Affective Agent Research 2004 Juli Workshop on Empathetic Agents, International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Columbia University, New York, NY http://affect.media.mit.edu/publications.php http://affect.media.mit.edu/pdfs/04.burleson-picard-perlin-lippincott.pdf Calvin, William H. A Brief History of the Mind: From Apes to Intellect and Beyond Oxford University Press 2004 Cambridge, MA Cañamero, Dolores Designing Emotions for Activity Selection This paper advocates a "bottom-up" philosophy for the design of emotional systems for autonomous agents that is guided by functional concerns, and considers the particular case of designing emotions as mechanisms for action selection. The concrete realization of these ideas implies that the design process must start with an analysis of the requirements that the features of the environment, the characteristics of the action-selection task, and the agent architecture impose on the emotional system. This is particularly important if we see emotions as mechanisms that aim at modifying or maintaining the relation of the agent with its (external and internal) environment (rather than modifying the environment itself) in order to preserve the agent's goals. Emotions can then be selected and designed according to the roles they play with respect to this relation. http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/384344.html Cañamero, Dolores and Van de Velde, Walter Socially Emotional: Using Emotions to Ground Social Interaction Socially Intelligent Agents 1997 10–15 AAAI Press Technical Report FS–97–02 American Association for Artificial Intelligence Dolores Cañamero and Walter Van de Velde Emotionally Grounded Social Interaction 1999 http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/434719.html Cannon, W.B. The James-Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and an alternative theory American Journal of Psychology 1927 106–124 39 Justine Cassell and Kristinn R. Thórisson The Power of a Nod and a Glance : Envelope vs. Emotional Feedback in Animated Conversational Agents Journal of Applied Artificial Intelligence 1999 13 May 4-5 In this article we describe results froman experiment of user interaction with autonomous , human - like ( humanoid ) conversational agents . We hypothesize that for embodied conversational agents , nonverbal behaviors related to the process of conversation , what we call envelope feedback, is much more important than other feedback , such as emotional expression . We test this hypothesis by having subjects interact with three autonomous agents , all capable of full - duplex multimodal interaction: able to generate and recognize speech , intonation , facial displays , and gesture . Each agent , however , gave a different kind of feedback: ( 1 ) content - related only , ( 2 ) content + envelope feedback , and ( 3 ) content + emotional . Content-related feedback includes answering questions and executing commands; envelope feedback includes behaviors such as gaze , manual beat gesture , and head movements; emotional feedback includes smiles and looks of puzzlement . Subjects' evaluations of the systemwere collected with a questionnaire , and videotapes of their speech patterns and behaviors were scored according to how often the users repeated themselves , how often they hesitated , and how often they got frustrated . The results confirmour hypothesis that envelope feedback is more important in interaction than emotional feedback and that envelope feedback plays a crucial role in supporting the process of dialog . A secondary result fromthis study shows that users give our multimodal conversational humanoids very high ratings of lifelikeness and fluidity of interaction when the agents are capable of giving such feedback . 10.1080/088395199117360 http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0883-9514&volume=13&issue=4&spage=519 Justine Cassell and O. Torres and S. Prevost Wilks, Yorick Turn Taking vs. Discourse Structure : how best to model multimodal conversation Machine conversations Kluwer Academic 1999 The Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science ; SECS 511 Boston Williams, Kipling D. and Cheung, Christopher K. T. and Choi, Wilma Cyberostracism Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000 79 748-762 5 Cinotti, T.S. WHYRE: a context-aware wearable computer for museums and achaeological sites Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers IEEE 2004 R.R. Cornelius Theoretical Approaches to Emotion 2000 ISCA Workshop on Speech and Emotion: A conceptual framework for research Belfast, Northern Ireland http://www.qub.ac.uk/en/isca/proceedings/pdfs/cornelius.pdf M. Csikszentmihalyi Flow - Das Geheimnis des Glücks Klett-Cotta 1992 Stuttgart Custódio, L. and Ventura, R. and Pinto-Ferreira, C. Artificial Emotions And Emotion-Based Control Systems For the past two years the research interest concerning subjects related to the area of (Artificial) Emotions has grown considerably. Generically, the goal is to develop new architectures/frameworks suitable for designing virtual or robotic agents whose behaviour may somehow be compared with the "emotional facet" of human behaviour.In this paper an emotion-based system architecture together with an application of it for control and supervision purposes is presented. http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/308020.html Cytowic, Richard Synesthesia: a Union of the Senses Springer 1989 New York, NY, USA Damasio, A.R. and Tranel, D. and Damasio, H. Individuals with sociopathic behavior caused by frontal damage fail to respond autonomically to social stimuli Behavioural brain research 1990 41 81–94 Damasio, Antonio Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain Gosset/Putnam Press 1994 New York, NY, USA Darwin, Charles Expression of the emotions in man and animals John Murray 1872 London Darwin, Charles The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Introduction, afterword, and commentaries by Paul Ekman Oxford University Press 1998 3.Auflage New York Sousa, R. de The rationality of emotion MIT Press 1990 Cambridge, MA Holger Diener and Hagen Schumacher Game Based Interfaces European Association for Computer Graphics (Eurographics): Eurographics 2001. CD-ROM : Full Papers, Short Presentations, STAR's, Tutorials (incl. Multimedia) 2001 6 https://ini.igd.fraunhofer.de/bibcd/INI_Science/papers/2001/01p073.pdf Encarnação, José L. and Diener, Holger Edutainment : Graphische Datenverarbeitung als Basistechnologie Informatik Spektrum 2004 27 512-515 6 R. B. und Lang Dietz Æffective agents: Effects of agent affect on arousal, attention, liking and learning Proceedings of International Cognitive ?99 1999 San Francisco, CA, USA http://rick.oacea.com/misc/polara/pubs/cogtech1999.html Dollard, J. and Doob, L.-W. Frustration und Aggression Yale University Press 1939 Scholze-Stuben\-recht, Werner and Eickhoff, Birgit and Mang, Dieter Duden - Das Große Fremdwörterbuch Bibliographisches Institut 2005 Mannheim, Deutschland Ebert, Eric Weiterentwicklung und Verifikation eines Messsystems zur Erfassung humanphysiologischer Sensordaten unter Berücksichtigung des SEVA-Konzepts 2005 Hochschule Wismar, Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informatik Diplomarbeit Ekman, P. and Friesen, W.V. Manual for the Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press,1977 Consulting Psychologists Press Palo Alto, CA, USA Ekman, P. and Friesen, W.V. Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement Consulting Psychologists Press 1978 Palo Alto, CA, USA Ekman, Paul Emotion in the Human Face Cambridge University Press 1982 Cambridge Ekman, Paul An Argument for Basic Emotion Cognition and Emotion 1992 6 El-Nasr, Magy Seif and Skubic, Marjorie A Fuzzy Emotional Agent for Decision-Making in a Mobile Robot Proceedings of WCCI'98 1998 Anchorage, AK, USA Emotions have been shown to have a significant influence on the decision-making process of human beings and, thus, play an important role in intelligent behavior. As a means of providing similar intelligence, we are investigating the use of emotional agents in the decisionmaking process of a mobile robot. We propose a fuzzy logic model that captures the inherent uncertainty of emotions. The model is used to generate decisions based on both internal and external states and incorporates the use of sensory information to extract environmental conditions. In this way, the agent will react to a changing environment and can take an action according to a mixture of emotions generated by multiple states. As a first step towards addressing the complexity, the model deals with three negative emotions: fear, pain and anger, chosen because of their innate structure. In this paper, we discuss our fuzzy logic model and describe the implementation of an emotional agent on a small mobile robot in which sensory information is used to generate emotions. http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/212496.html El-Nasr, M.S. and Ioerger, T.R. and Yen, J. A Pet with Evolving Emotional Intelligence Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Autonomous Agents ACM Press, New York NY, USA 1999 9-15 Seattle, Washington Eysenck, Hans The Biological Basis of Personality CC Thomas 1967 Springfield, IL Christine Falkner The Essence of Human-Computer Interaction Prentice Hall 1998 Essence of Computing London Fei, K. Expressive textures Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Computer graphics, virtual reality and visualisation ACM Press 2001 137–141 10.1145/513867.513897 Fischer, G"osta Vorbereitung, Durchf"uhrung und Auswertung von Nutzertests im Kontext Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 2004 Fraunhoferinstitut f"ur graphische Datenverarbeitung Institutsteil Rostock Fischer, Gösta Emotionale Veränderungen von Spielenden in Abhängigkeit vom Feedback und der Steuerbarkeit eines Computerspiels 2005 Februar Institut für Psychologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Diplomarbeit Foerst, Anne Digitales Baby - Auf dem Wege zum künstlichen Menschen c't - Zeitschrift für Computer und Technik 1995 70 12 Fridlund, A. Human Facial Expression: An Evolutionary View Academic 1994 NY Friedrich, Gerhard Im Land der märchenhaften Zahlen. Die Neurodidaktik wird die Pädagogik nicht umwälzen - dennoch kann sie vieles leisten DIE ZEIT 2003 40 Frijda, N.H. The Emotions Cambridge University Press 1986 Cambridge, MA Jürgen Fritz Warum Computerspiele faszinieren - Empirische Annäherungen an Nutzung und Wirkung von Bildschirmspielen Juventa Verlag 1995 München David M. Frohlich Beauty as a Design Prize Human-Computer Interaction 2004 19 359-366 4 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_4 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_4 Garneau, P.-A. Forteen forms of fun 2001 WWW http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20011012/garneau_01.htm Gibson, J.J. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception Houghton Mifflin 1979 Boston D. Goleman Emotional Intelligence Bantam Books 1995 New York Graf, Christian Digital Characters in the Real World - A review of embodied agents and augmented reality 2004 Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg http://www.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/~cgraf/Praktika/HITLab2003/ http://www.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/~cgraf/Praktika/HITLab2003/Report/Digital_Characters_in_the_Real_World.pdf Studienarbeit Graf, Christian Visualisierung im Projekt Demokoffer 2005 März Fraunhofer-Institut Graphische Datenverarbeitung, Institutsteil Rostock: AR2 Human-Centered Interaction Technologies Joachim-Jungius-Straße 11, 18059 Rostock Um adaptive Schnittstellen zwischen Mensch und Maschine zu schaffen, bedarf es einer Möglichkeit, den emotionalen Zustand des Nutzers zu bestimmen, um darauf zu reagieren. Dies ist Hintergrund des Projekts "Demokoffer", das beispielhaft zeigt, wie man den emotionalen Zustand eines Computernutzers feststellt. Vor dieser Arbeit existierte nur eine rein textuelle Ausgabe der verwendeten Klassifikationsalgorithmen. Sie war für den Laien schwer interpretierbar und nicht auf einen Blick verständlich. Um die Ergebnissausgabe anschaulich zu gestalten, wurden verschiedene Visualisierungen entwickelt, die den festgestellten emotionalen Zustand verdeutlichen. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Voraussetzungen, die Vorüberlegungen, die potentiellen Lösungsstrategien und den letztlich eingeschlagenen Weg der Visualisierung. Sie zeigt außerdem auf, was ausgelassen wurde und welche Erweiterungen und Verbesserungen man noch in die Arbeit einbringen könnte. http://www.igd-r.fraunhofer.de/private/graf/Praktikum http://www.igd-r.fraunhofer.de/private/graf/Praktikum/Praktikumsbericht.pdf Praktikumsbericht Graf, Christian Digital Characters as Affective Interfaces 2005 5.-9. September Präsentation auf der HCI2005 in Edinburgh, Workshop "`The Role of Emotion in Human-Computer Interaction"' http://www.igd-r.fraunhofer.de/private/graf/HCI2005/ Graf, Christian and Oertel, Karina Motivation in der Interaktion: Ansätze zur Emotionserkennung und ?expression Proceedings of GMW / DelFI 2005 Workshopband "`Game Based Learning"' der GMW / DelFI 2005, im Erscheinen Jonathan Gratch Emile : Marshalling Passions in Training and Education Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Autonomous Agents 2000 Barcelona, Spain Gratch, Jonathan and Rickel, Jeff and André, Elisabeth and Cassell, Justine and Petajan, Eric and Badler, Norman Creating Interactive Virtual Humans: Some Assembly Required IEEE Intelligent Systems IEEE Educational Activities Department 2002 17 54–63 4 10.1109/MIS.2002.1024753 M. Hänze Denken und Gefühl. Wechselwirkung von Emotion und Kognition im Unterricht Luchterhand 1998 Neuwied Hartmann, Knut Interaktives Drama: Emotionale Aktionsauswahl 2004 November AG Computergraphik und interaktive Systeme, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Vorlesungsfolien http://wwwisg.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/~hartmann/Interactive-Drama/lecture.html Hassenzahl, Marc Spielend arbeiten? Computerspiele und 'ernsthafte' Software 2003 Juli http://www.playability.de/1/hassenzahl_p.htm Marc Hassenzahl The Interplay of Beauty, Goodness, and Usability in Interactive Products Human-Computer Interaction 2004 19 319-349 4 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_2 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_2 Herbon, A. and Peter, C. and Markert, L. and Meer, E. van der and Voskamp, J. Emotion Studies in HCI - a New Approach Proceedings of the HCI International Conference, Las Vegas 2005 Herbort, Oliver EmoTetris 1.009 - Benutzerhandbuch 2004 September Endversion Fraunhofer Institut Grafissche Datenverarbeitung Rostock Fraunhofer-Institut für Graphische Datenverarbeitung Institutsteil Rostock, Abteilung AR2 Human-Centered Interaction Technologies Joachim-Jungius-Straße 11 18059 Rostock Herbort, Oliver Emotionsinduktion und automatische Emotionsklassifikation anhand physiologischer Daten bei Benutzern eines Computerspiels 2004 Oktober Fraunhofer Institut Grafissche Datenverarbeitung Rostock Joachim-Jungius-Straße 11 18059 Rostock M. Herczeg Software-Ergonomie. Grundlagen der Mensch-Computer-Kommunikation Addison Wesley 1994 Bonn Carroll E. Izard Die Emotionen des Menschen: eine Einführung in die Grundlagen der Emotionspsychologie Beltz Psychologie Verlags Union 1994 2.Auflage Weinheim James, W. The physical basis of emotion Psychological Review 1894 516–529 1 Jensen, Finn V. Bayesian Networks and Decision Graphs Springer Springer 2001 Jettmar, Eva Adaptive Interfaces: Effects on Performance 2000 Oktober Unveröffentliches Manuskript W.L. Johnson Pedagogical Agents in Virtual Learning Environments International Conference on Computers and Education 1995 Johnson, Daniel and Wiles, Janet Effective affective user interface design in game Ergonomics 2003 46 1332-1345 13/14 P. Jordan Designing Pleasurable Products: An Introduction to the New Human Factors CRC Press 2002 Cozman, Fabio Gagliardi Javabayes - Bayesian Networks in Java http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/%7ejavabayes/Home/ Kelly, G.A. The psychology of personal constructs Routledge 1991 Vols. 1 and 2 2.Auflage London Kelter, Udo Software-Architekturen 2003 August WWW Die Entwicklung der Architektur ist ein zentraler Teil der Ent- wicklung eines Software-Systems. In diesem Lehrmodul stellen wir zunächst verschiedene Architekturbegriffe für Software-Systeme vor, insb. Programm- und Prozeßarchitekturen. Hierauf aufbauend werden einige wichtige Qualitätsbegriffe für Programm-Architekturen vorge- stellt (Kopplung, Kohäsion und Wartbarkeit). ``Gute" Architekturen werden oft als Standard-Architektur oder Framework fixiert. Als Bei- spiel für eine Standard-Architektur wird die 3- bzw. 5-Schichten-Ar- chitektur von Informationssystemen vorgestellt; ferner diskutieren wir Alternativen für die zugehörige Prozeßarchitektur. http://pi.informatik.uni-siegen.de/kelter/lehre/04w/lm/lm_sar_20030318_tty http://pi53.informatik.uni-siegen.de/kelter/lehre/04w/lm/lm_sar_20030318_a5.ps.gz J. Klein Computer Response to User Frustration 1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Technical Report No 480 Klein, J. and Moon, Y. and Picard, R.W. This computer responds to user frustration: Theory, design, results, and implications 1999 501 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Boston Vison and Modeling Technical Reports Klein, Jonathan and Picard, Rosalind W. Computers that Recognise and Respond to User Emotions: Theoretical and Practical Implications MIT Media Lab Tech Report 2001 538 Klein, J. and Moon, Y. and Picard, R.W. This computer responds to user frustration: Theory, design, and results Interacting with Computers 2002 14 119-140 2 Krone, Alexandra and Hamborg, Kai-Christoph and Gediga, Günther Zur emotionalen Reaktion bei Fehlern in der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion Zeitschrift f"ur Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie 2002 46 185-200 4 Küchlin, Wolfgang and Weber, Andreas Einführung in die Informatik : objektorientiert mit Java Springer 2005 3. überarb. Auflage eXamen.press Berlin J.E. Laird It Knows What You're Going To Do: Adding Anticipation to a Quakebot Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents 2001 ACM Press 385-392 Lang, P.J. and Bradley, M.M. and Cuthbert, B.N. International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical Manual and Affective Ratings 1999 Gainsville, FL: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology University of Florida Lange, C.G. Über Gemuethsbewegungen Theodor Thomas 1887 Leipzig Langheinrich, Marc Die Privatsphäre im Ubiquitous Computing - Datenschutzaspekte der RFID-Technologie Das Internet der Dinge Springer 2005 Seite 329- 362 http://beat.doebe.li/bibliothek/t05125.html Langley, P. User modeling in adaptive interfaces Proceedings if the Seventh International Conference on User ;odeling Springer 1997 S. 357-370 Banff, Alberta R.S. Lazarus Psychological stress and the coping process McGraw-Hill 1966 New York, NY Lazarus, R.S. Emotion and adaption Oxford University Press 1991 London LeDoux, J.E. Emotion, Memory and the Brain Scientific American 1994 32-39 270 Although extensive research has been conducted on the brain?s role in cognition and memory, scientists have only recently begun to study the link between memory and emotions, particularly emotions such as fear. In this 1994 article for Scientific American, Joseph E. LeDoux explains what he and his fellow researchers have discovered about how animals learn fear and about how this understanding may help treat human patients with certain types of mental disorders. http://www.cns.nyu.edu/home/ledoux/overview.htm LeDoux, J.E. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life Simon & Schuster 1996 New York, NY, USA Lepper, M. R. and Malone, T. W. Snow, R. E. and Farr, M. J. Intrinsic motivation and instructional effectiveness in computer-based education. Aptitude, learning, and instruction, III: Conative and affective process analysis Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1987 255-286 Hillsdale, NJ James C. Lester and Sharolyn Converse and Susan Kahler and Todd Barlo and Brian Stone and Ravinder Bhogal The Persona Effect : Affective Impact of Animated Pedagogical Agents Proceedings of CHI '97 1997 359-366 Atlanta, GA, USA James C. Lester and Stuart G. Towns and Charles B. Calloway and Patrick J. FritzGerald Cassell, Justine and Sullivan, J. and Prevost, S. Deictic and Emotive Communication in Animated Pedagogical Agents Embodied conversational agents MIT Press 2000 Cambridge, Mass., USA Intelligent agents (Computer software) Human-computer interaction. Luhmann, Niklas Baecker, Dirk Einführung in die Systemtheorie Carl Auer Verlag 2002 S. Maaß Software-Ergonomie. Benutzer- und aufgabenorientierte Systemgestaltung Informatik Spektrum 1993 16 191-205 MacLean, P.D. Levi, L. Sensory and Perceptive Factors in Emotional Functions of the Triune Brain Emotions - Their Parameters and Measurement Raven Press 1975 71–92 New York Mader, Steffen André, Elisabeth et al. A Freely Configurable, Multi-modal Sensor System for Affective Computing Affective Dialogue Systems: Tutorial and Research Workshop Springer Verlag 2004 313-318 Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 3068 Berlin, Heidelberg, New York http://fhgonline.fhg.de/cgi-bin/starfinder/15761/bibliotheken.txt http://www.inigraphics.net/biblio/intern/papers/2004/04p051.pdf Malaka, Rainer Musterkennung und Maschinelles Lernen 2004 http://www.cl.uni-heidelberg.de/kurs/ws04/ml/ http://www.cl.uni-heidelberg.de/kurs/ws04/ml/ML-2004-Teil%2001.pdf Vorlesungsfolien Wintersemester 2004/05 Vorlesungsfolien Wintersemester 2004/05 Malone, T. Toward a theory of intrinsically motivating instruction Cognitive Science 1981 5 333-369 4 Malone, T. W. and Lepper, M. R. Snow, R. E. and Farr, M. J. Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning Aptitude, learning, and instruction, III: Conative and affective process analysis Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1987 Hillsdale, NJ Mandler, G. Christianson, Sven-ake Memory, arousal and mood: a theoretical integration The handbook of emotion and memory: research and theory Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1992 Hillsdale Mangold, Roland Digitale Emotionen - Wo bleiben die Gefühle bei medialen Informationsangeboten? HALMA. Hallische Medienarbeiten 2001 14 Informationsangebote in digitalen Medien werden überwiegend unter dem Aspekt der menschlichen Informationsverarbeitung ("Kognition") und hier insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Ergonomie ihrer Nutzung diskutiert. Dagegen finden in der medienwissenschaftlichen Begleitforschung interaktionsbegleitende affektive Zustände wie Stimmungen und Emotionen der Mediennutzer immer noch (zu) wenig Beachtung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ge-zeigt, dass emotionale Prozesse integraler Bestandteil der Verarbeitung medial dargebotener Informationen und somit für die Gestaltung entsprechender Angebote ("Informationsdesign") bedeutsam sind. So stellen Hinweise zu bei der Interaktion hervorgerufenen Emotionen eine ausgezeichnete Grundlage für die Anpassung und Optimierung des Informationsangebotes dar. Ein (spekulativer) Ausblick auf die theoretische Fundierung der Wechselbeziehung von Kognition und Emotion bei der Informationsrezeption bildet den Abschluss. http://www.medienkomm.uni-halle.de/forschung/publikationen/halma14.shtml http://www.medienkomm.uni-halle.de/forschung/publikationen/halma14.pdf Marañon Contribution à l'étude de l'action émotive de l'adrenaline Revue Francaise d'Endocrinologie 1924 301–325 2 S.C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch Modeling the Interplay of Emotions and Plans in Multi-Agent Simulations Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2001 Edinburgh, Scotland S.C. Marsella and W.L. Johnson and C. LaBore Interactive Pedagogical Drama Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Autonomous Agents ACM Press 2000 301-308 S.C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch A Steps Towards Irrationality : Using Emotion to Change Belief Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Mulit-Agent Systems 2002 Bologna, Italy F. und Carli Massimini Csikszentmihalyi, M. und Csikszentmihalyi, I. S Die systematische Erfassung des Flow-Erlebens im Alltag. Die außergewöhnliche Erfahrung im Alltag Klett-Cotta 1991 Stuttgart McDougall, William An Introduction to Social Psychology Methuen 1908 London Andrew Monk The Product as a Fixed-Effect Fallacy Human-Computer Interaction 2004 19 371-375 4 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_6 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_6 Morgenstern, Stefan Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Untersuchung bzgl. der Zusammenhänge zwischen den Einstellungen des Tetrisspiels und der vom Benutzer angegebenen Emotionsausprägungen 2005 September Fraunhofer-Institut Graphische Datenverarbeitung, Institutsteil Rostock Interner Bericht MORI Employees Get 'It' Out Of Their Systems 1999 May WWW Frustration levels with technology soar, according to new survey http://www.mori.com/polls/1999/rage.shtml Copies of the report, case studies and visuals can be found on the Compaq website www.compaq.co.uk or from Sharon Groves at Firefly Communications on 0171-381 4505 or sgroves@firefly.co.uk Müller, Torben Glück, Freude, Hoffnung STERN Gesund Leben 2004 Oktober 12-34 5 Wissenschaftliche Beratung: Prof. Dr. Gerald Hüther, Prof. Dr. Michael Koch Nakatsu, Rhyohei Nonverbal information recognition and its application to communications MULTIMEDIA '98: Proceedings of the sixth ACM international conference on Multimedia ACM Press 1998 2–9 New York, NY, USA 10.1145/306668.306673 http://csdl.computer.org/dl/proceedings/fg/1998/8344/00/83440002.pdf Jakob Nielsen Usability Engineering Academic Press 1993 Boston, MA, USA http://www.useit.com/jakob/useengbook.html Donald A. Norman Introduction to This Special Section on Beauty, Goodness, and Usability Human-Computer Interaction 2004 19 311-318 4 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_1 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_1 Norman, Donald A. Emotional Design: Why We Love (Or Hate) Everyday Things Basic Books 2004 Norman, Donald A. Human-centered design considered harmful interactions ACM Press 2005 12 14–19 4 New York, NY, USA 10.1145/1070960.1070976 corporation, Norsys\ software\ Netica - Bayesian Network Software http://www.norsys.com/ Oatley, K. Best laid schemes: The psychology of emotions Cambridge University Press 1992 Cambridge, MA Oberhuber, Nadine Mensch gegen Maschine Die Zeit 2004 39 Oertel, Karina and Fischer, G"osta and Diener, Holger Rauterberg, Matthias Physiological Response to Games and Non-games: A Contrastive Study Entertainment Computing ? ICEC 2004: Third International Conference, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, September 1-3. 2004 3166 402-405 Neider, Jackie and Davis, Tom and Woo, Mason Fullagar, Joanne Clapp and Rogelberg, David The OpenGL Programming Guide - The Redbook Addison Wesley 1994 Originalauflage http://www.opengl.org/documentation/red_book_1.0/ Richard, S. and Wright, Jr. and Lipchak, Benjamin Open GL Super Bible Macmillan Computer Publishing 2004 3.Auflage Dave Shreiner OpenGL Architecture Review Board OpenGL programming guide : the official guide to learning OpenGL, Version 2 Addison-Wesley 2005 5. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0513/2005014386.html ISBN 0-321-33573-2 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL Andrew Ortony and Gerald Clore and Allan Collins The Cognitive Structure of Emotions Cambridge University Press 1988 Cambridge Kees Overbeeke and Stephan Wensveen Beauty in Use Human-Computer Interaction 2004 19 367-369 4 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_5 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_5 Dean Owen O'Driscoll, Michael and Tylor, Paul and Kalliath, Thomas Cognitive Ergonomics Organisational Psychology in Australia and New Zealand Oxford University Press 2003 239-261 M. Parise and S. Kiessler and L. Sproull and K. Waters My partner is a Real Dog : Cooperation with Social Agents Proceedings of Computer Supported Cooperative Work '96 ACM Press, New York, NY, USA 1996 399-408 Cambridge MA, USA Paulus, Jochen Lernrezepte aus dem Hirnlabor. Mithilfe der Neurobiologie wollen Wissenschaftler die Pädagogik revolutionieren. Die Beweise für ihre Thesen sind dürftig DIE ZEIT 2003 38 http://www.zeit.de/2003/38/B-Neurodidaktik?page=all Pearl, Judea Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference Morgan Kaufmann 1988 C. Pelauchaud and V. Carofiglio and B. De Carolis and F. de Rosis and I. Poggi Embodied Agent in Information Delivery Application Proceedings of Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems 2002 Pérez, Yasmin Hernández and Gamboa, Rafel Morales and Ibarra, Oscar Mayora Modeling Affective Responses in Intelligent Tutoring Systems Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advances Learning Technologies (ICALT '04) IEEE 2004 An important trend in the development of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) has been that of integrating characteristics proper of human tutoring into their performance, with the aim of providing the student with a more personalized and friendly environment for learning according to his traits and progress. These characteristics may give the student the sensation that there is ?someone? behind the program who follows his learning development and cares about him as a human tutor would. One of the most important highlights of personal tutoring is that of recognizing the student?s affective state and reacting accordingly by expressing the pedagogical movements in an affectively suitable way. In this paper, a proposal for an affective behavior model to be used in ITS is presented. The aim of this model is to provide students with a suitable response from a pedagogical and affective viewpoint. http://csdl.computer.org/dl/proceedings/icalt/2004/2181/00/21810747.pdf K. Perlin Responsive Face 2003 http://www.mrl.nyu.edu/perlin/facedemo/ Facial animation demo Peter, C. and Ebert, E. and Beikirch, H. A Wearable Multi-Sensor System for Mobile Acquisition of Emotion-Related Physiological Data Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Bejing 2005 Springer Verlag 2005 Berlin, Heidelberg, New York Pfeifer, Rolf and Scheier, Christian Understanding Intelligence MIT Press 1999 Evolutionary theory says that the brain has evolved not to do mathematical proofs but to control behaviour and ensure survival. Researchers agree that intelligence always manifests itself in behaviour - thus it is behaviour that must be understood. A new field has grown around the study of behaviour-based intelligence, also known as embodied cognitive science, "new AI" and "behaviour-based AI". This book provides a systematic introduction to this new way of thinking. After discussing concepts and approaches such as subsumption architecture, Braitenberg vehicles, evolutionary robotics, artificial life, self-organization and learning, the authors derive a set of principles and a framework for the study of naturally and artificially intelligent systems, or autonomous agents. This framework is based on a synthetic methodology whose goal is understanding by designing and building. The text includes the background material required to understand the principles underlying intelligence, as well as information of intelligent robotics and simulated agents so readers can begin experiments and projects on their own. The reader is guided through a series of case studies that illustrate the design principles of embodied cognitive science. http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3701 nach Kontext eingeordnet: http://beat.doebe.li/bibliothek/b00405.html Review: http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/view?isbn=0262161818 Picard, Rosalind W. Affective computing MIT Press 1997 Cambridge, MA, USA Picard, Rosalind W. Stock, D.G. Dos HAL cry Digital Tears: Emotions and Computer HAL's Legacy MIT Press 1997 Cambridge, MA R.W. Picard Toward agents that recognize emotion 1998 Nr. 515 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Boston Vision and Modeling Technical Reports R.W. Picard Building HAL: Computers that sense, recognize, and respond to human emotion 2001 532 Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Boston Vision and Modeling Technical Reports Picard, Rosalind W. and Vyzas, Elias and Healey, Jennifer Toward Machine Emotional Intelligence: Analysis of Affective Physiological State IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. IEEE Computer Society 2001 23 1175–1191 10 Washington, DC, USA The ability to recognize emotion is one of the hallmarks of emotional intelligence, an aspect of human intelligence that has been argued to be even more important than mathematical and verbal intelligences. This paper proposes that machine intelligence needs to include emotional intelligence and demonstrates results toward this goal: developing a machine's ability to recognize human affective state given four physiological signals. We describe difficult issues unique to obtaining reliable affective data and collect a large set of data from a subject trying to elicit and experience each of eight emotional states, daily, over multiple weeks. This paper presents and compares multiple algorithms for feature-based recognition of emotional state from this data. We analyze four physiological signals that exhibit problematic day-to-day variations: The features of different emotions on the same day tend to cluster more tightly than do the features of the same emotion on different days. To handle the daily variations, we propose new features and algorithms and compare their performance. We find that the technique of seeding a Fisher Projection with the results of Sequential Floating Forward Search improves the performance of the Fisher Projection and provides the highest recognition rates reported to date for classification of affect from physiology: 81 percent recognition accuracy on eight classes of emotion, including neutral 10.1109/34.954607 http://csdl.computer.org/dl/trans/tp/2001/10/i1175.pdf Plutchik, R. Scherer, K.R. and , P. Ekman Emotions: A general psychoevolutionary theory Approaches to emotion Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1984 197–219 Hillsdale, NJ Polzin, T. S. and Waibel, A. Emotion-sensitive human-computer interfaces Proceedings of the ISCA ITRW on Speech and Emotion, Newcastle, 5-7 September 2000 Textflow 2000 53-59 Belfsat Preim, Bernhardt Entwicklung interaktiver Systeme Springer-Verlag 1998 Berlin Ulla Kirch-Prinz and Peter Prinz OOP mit C++ Galileo Press 2002 Limitierte Studienausg., 1. Aufl Galileo computing Bonn Umkehrer, Elisabeth and Xu, Hong and Saffiotti, Alessandro Pulcinella - Propagating Uncertainty through Local Computations Internet http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/pulcinella/Welcome.html Randell, C. Ambient Wood: Demonstration of a Digitally Enhanced Field Trip for Schoolchildren Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing IEEE 2003 Byron Reeves and Clifford Ivar Nass The Media Equation : How People Treat Computers, Televisions, and New Media Like Real People and Places Cambridge University Press 1996 CSLI Publications Stanford, Calif., New York; Cambridge Mass media Audiences. Mass media Influence Mass media Psychological aspects. W.S.N. Reilly Believable Social and Emotional Agents 1996 Carnegie Mellon University Ph.D. Thesis G. Reitmayr and D. Schmalstieg An Open Software Architecture for Virtual Reality Interaction Proc. VRST'01, Banff, Canada, Nov. 15 - 17 2001 Russell, Stuart J. and Norvig, Peter Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Prentice Hall 1995 London Rose, Marshall T. The Open Book: A Practical Perspective on Osi Prentice Hall 1990 Roseman, I.J. and Antoniou, A.A. and Jose, P.E. Appraisal determinants of emotions: Constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. Cognition and Emotion 1996 10 241–277 3 Roth, Gerhard Fühlen, Denken, Handeln. Wie das Gehirn unser Verhalten steuert. Suhrkamp Verlag 2001 Frankfurt/Main Das Buch befaßt sich aus Sicht der Hirnforschung mit der Frage, wer oder was in uns unser Verhalten bestimmt. Dargestellt wird, wie Gefühle im Gehirn entstehen und wie sie unser Denken, Erinnern und Handeln beeinflussen. Zugleich wird aufgezeigt, wie sich das Ich und die Persönlichkeit ausbilden und inwieweit Charakter und Persönlichkeit im Erwachsenenalter grundlegend veränderbar sind. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist die Frage, in welchem Maße unser Tun bewußt oder unbewußt gesteuert wird und wir Einsicht in die Antriebe unseres Handelns haben. Ist das Ich "Herr im Hause" und was haben Hirnforschung und experimentelle Psychologie zur Funktion des Willens und zur Willensfreiheit zu sagen? Ziel des Buches ist es, die Umrisse eines neuro- und kognitionswissenschaftlich begründeten Menschenbildes zu präsentieren, das die Grundlage zu einem offenen und toleranten Gespräch mit den Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften über das "Wesen des Menschen" bilden kann. Die für die Lektüre wichtigen neurobiologischen Zusammenhänge werden verständlich vermittelt, mit einem philosophie- und begriffsgeschichtlichen Hintergrund versehen und durch zahlreiche Abbildungen erläutert. James A. Russell A Circumplex Model of Affect Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1980 39 1161–1178 6 American Psychological Association, Inc. Schachter, S. and Singer, J.E. Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state Psychological Review 1962 69 379–399 5 Scheich, Henning Lernprozesse in verschiedenen Lebensaltern Lernen ? ein Leben lang. Vorläufige Empfehlungen und Expertenberichte Forum Bildung 2001 10 181-188 Bonn http://www.ifn-magdeburg.de/en/organization/public_relations/press_releases/index.jsp Scheich, Henning Motor für Lernprozesse - Thesen zum optimalen Lernen aus der Neurobiologie Erziehung & Wissenschaft 2002 6 http://www.ifn-magdeburg.de/en/organization/public_relations/press_releases/index.jsp Scheich, Henning Lernen unter der Dopamindusche Die Zeit 2003 18.09.2003 39 http://www.zeit.de/2003/39/Neurodidaktik_2 http://hermes.zeit.de/pdf/archiv/2003/39/Neurodidaktik_2.pdf Scheich, Henning Jahresbericht Abteilung Akustik, Lernen, Sprache Forschungsbericht 2002/2003 Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology - Center for Learning and Memory Research 2003 http://www.ifn-magdeburg.de/de/abteilungen/akustik_lernen_sprache/index.jsp http://www.ifn-magdeburg.de/assets/files/organization/annual_report_02_03_als.pdf Scheirer, Jocelyn and Fernandez, Paul and Klein, Jonathan and Picard, Rosalind W. Frustrating the user on purpose: A step toward building an affective computer Interacting with computers 2002 14 93-118 K.R. Scherer Scherer, K.R. Theorien und aktuelle Probleme der Emotionspsychologie Psychologie der Emotion Hogrefe 1990 Göttingen K. R. Scherer M. Hewstone & W. Stroebe Emotion Introduction to Social Psychology: A European perspective Oxford: Blackwell 2000 151-191 3.Auflage K.R. Scherer Emotion effects on voice and speech - Paradigms and approaches to evaluation. Proceedings of the ISCA Workshop on Speech and Emotion. Northern Ireland ISCA Workshop on Speech and Emotion 2000 http://www.qub.ac.uk/en/isca/proceedings/pdfs/scherer.pdf H. Schloßberg Three dimensions of emotion Psychological Review 1954 61 81-88 2 Schlungbaum, Egbert Individual User Interfaces and Model-Based User Interface Software Tools Intelligent User Interfaces 1997 229-232 Schmidt-Atzert, L. Lehrbuch der Emotionspsychologie Kohlhammer 1996 Stuttgart Schr"oder, Marc Experimental study of affect bursts Speech Communication Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. 2003 40 99–116 1-2 10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00078-X Grit Schuster Persönlichkeitsgesteuerte Charactere in Interaktiven Welten 2004 September Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Informatik, Institut für Simulation und Grafik Universitätsplatz 1, 39106 Magdeburg Diplomarbeit Ben Shneiderman Leonardo's laptop : human needs and the new computing technologies MIT Press 2002 Cambridge, Mass. Electronic data processing. Human-computer interaction. Technological forecasting. 2001056277 Ben Shneiderman. Includes bibliographical references and index. Ben Shneiderman Designing the user interface : strategies for effective human-computer-interaction Addison Wesley Longman 2005 4.Auflage Reading, Mass. A Sloman Boden, M.A. Motives, Mechanisms and Emotions. Cognition and Emotion The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence Oxford University Press 1990 231-247 Oxford Readings in Philosophy SMILE (Structural Modeling, Inference, and Learning Engine) http://genie.sis.pitt.edu/ M. Specht and G. Weber Kognitive Lernermodellierung Kognitionswissenschaft 1997 6 165-176 Manfred Spitzer Wie unser Gehirn lernt Forum Schule 2001 April 3 http://www.forumschule.de/archiv/04/fs04/magang.html Spitzer, Manfred Medizin für die Pädagogik DIE ZEIT 2003 39 http://www.zeit.de/2003/39/Neurodidaktik?page=all Stern, Elsbeth Rezepte statt Rezeptoren - Lernen lässt sich nicht auf Hirnfunktionen reduzieren. Das Wissen um die Biochemie des Hippocampus nützt den Lehrern im Klassenzimmer wenig DIE ZEIT 2003 40 Kristinn R. Thórisson and D. B. Koons and R. A. Bolt Multimodal Natural Dialogue Proceedings of SIGCHI '92 ACM Press, New York, NY, USA 1992 653-4 Kristinn R. Thórisson Dialoque Control in Social Interface Agents Proceedings of InterCHI Adjunct ACM Press, New York, NY, USA 1993 139-140 Amsterdam Kristinn R. Thórisson Computational Characteristics of Multimodal Dialogue Proceedings of AAAI Fall Symposium on Embodied Language and Action 1995 102-108 MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA Noam Tractinsky A Few Notes on the Study of Beauty in HCI Human-Computer Interaction 2004 19 351-357 4 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_3 http://www.leaonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15327051hci1904_3 Trumbley, J.E. and Arnett, K.P. and Johnson, P.C. Productivity Gains via an Adaptive User Interface Journla of human-computer studies 1994 40 63-81 Vala, Marco and Paiva, Ana and Prada, Rui From Motion Control to Emotion Influence: Controlling Autonomous Synthetic Characters in a Computer Game AAMAS '04: Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems IEEE Computer Society 2004 1302–1303 Washington, DC, USA 10.1109/AAMAS.2004.131 Scherer, Carien M. van Reekum Tom Johnstone Rainer Banse Alexandre Etter Thomas Wehrle Klaus R. Psychophysiological responses to appraisal dimensions in a computer game Cognition and Emotion 2004 18 663-688 5 E. Vyzas Recognition of emotional and cognitive states using physiological data 1999 510 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Boston Vision and Modeling Technical Reports Keith Waters A muscle model for animating three-dimensional facial expression Computer Graphics 1987 21 17-24 4 K. Waters and T. M. Levergood DECface: an automatic lip synchronization algorithm for synthetic faces 1993 CRL 93/4 DEC Cambridge Research Laboratory Cambridge, MA Technical Report Watson, John B. Psychology from the standpoint of a Behaviorist 1919 Beavin, Janet H. and Jackson, Don D. and Watzlawick, Paul Pragmatics of Human Communication - A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes Norton 1967 New York, NY, USA Weiner, B. M.S. Clark, S.T. Fisher The emotional consequences of causal attributions Affect and cognition Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1982 185–209 Hillsdale, NJ B. Weiner An attributional theory of motivation and emotion Springer-Verlag 1986 New York, NY Weiser, Mark The computer for the 21st century Scientific America 1991 3 66–75 265 http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html Der Begriff "Ubiquitous Computing" wurde bereits Anfang der 1990er-Jahre von Mark Weiser, bis zu seinem frühen Tod 1999 leitender Wissenschaftler am Forschungszentrum von XEROX in Palo Alto, geprägt und in seinem schon vom Titel her visionären Aufsatz "The computer for the 21st century" Weiser, Mark Ubiquitous Computing IEEE Computer 'Hot Topics' 1993 http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiCompHotTopics.html http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html Ubiquitous Computing: Als "Ubiquitous Computing" (Weiser 1991, 1993 > http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_Computing) wird die Tendenz zur Verschmelzung von Computern mit bisher nicht computerisierten Gegenständen sowie zu deren Vernetzung bezeichnet. Witten, Ian H. and Frank, Eibe Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques Morgan Kaufmann 2005 2.Auflage http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/weka/book.html ISBN 0-12-088407-0 WikimediaFoundation Wikipedia - Die freie Enzyklopädie WWW http://de.wikipedia.org WikimediaFoundation Wikipedia - The free Enzyclopedia WWW http://en.wikipedia.org Wingrove, Janet and Bond, Alyson J. Angry Reactions to Failure on a Cooperative Computer Game: The Effect of Trait Hostility, Behavioural Inhibition, and Behaverioural Activation Aggressive Behaviour 1998 24 27-36 Wolschner, Klaus Von Rennmäusen und Menschen die tageszeitung 2003 22 6958 http://www.taz.de/pt/2003/01/20/a0015.nf/text Yerkes, R.M. and Dodson, J.D. The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 1908 18 459–484 S. Yoon and B. Blumberg and G.E. Schneider Motivation Driven Learning for Interactive Synthetic Characters Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Autonomous Agents ACM Press 2000 365-372 Younes, H\aakan L. Current Tools for Assisting Intelligent Agents in Real-time Decision Making 1998 Dezember Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Royal Intitute of Technology and Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden citeseer.ist.psu.edu/younes98current.html Masterarbeit No.\ 98-x-073 Zajonc, R.B. Feeling and Thinking. Preferences need no Inferences American Psychologist 1980 35 151–175 2 Zimmermann, P. and Guttormsen, S. and Danuser, B. and Gomez, P. Affective Computing - A rationale for measuring mood with mouse and keyboard International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE) 2003 9 539–551 4